Tag Archives: environment

墨西哥湾油泄漏续——前所未有的深度

发表在我在Nature Blogs上的博客(英文)

Rheology is indeed involved in oil drilling engineering, including enhanced recovery method and spill control. Therefore I thought I could tell quite a lot about the disater in the Gulf of Mexico, until I found that the problem is mainly mechanics — the spill occurs because of the unexpected failure of blow out preventer (BOP). From asking “what is a BOP” I have to extend my knowledge to the whole mechanic aspect of oil drilling engineering. The following texts are the result of my books and webpages ad hoc reading and are not meant to be expert opinions.

Semi-submersed platform

Ocean has the amount of energy and resources that probably define how long in the future can human race last on this planet, energy and resources on the land approaching to the end. However the courage to built positioned bases in the ocean — a huge brave trial — is finally granted by high profits behind the abundance of oil under the seabed (among many other e.g. wind, tidal, etc.).

US was the first of the world to design and practice offshore drilling rigs. As the drilling depth increases, different designs appeared in the history. Deepwater Horizon is a semi-submersed rig, a design known to support the deepest oil well offshore ever known. Allegedly DH has the ability to drill the worlds’s deepest oil well, without using a newer design. No design, however, can be a final one and support an infinite drilling depth. DH may be a sign that the old design, not only the rig but the whole drilling design, after more than a decade of application if not misinformation, has now reached its limit. Or put it in another word, it was the unexplored depth that causes the failure. To answer against my ill-disposed, arbitrary conclusion one should know clearly what cause this event actually and is it unpreventable under the same rig design? or is it unrelated to the rig design?

Dynamic positioning

We all know that first the rig caught fire and then sank. Although up till now I don’t know how the fire started but it could hardly be related to the design of the rig of anything to do with the hardware. because the same design is used elsewhere. However the fire was really a big one. It causes the rig to sink and, catastrophically, offset from its original position. As you can see from the structure of a offshore drilling system, considering the length of the oil pipe submersed in the sea water, the rig must be precisely positioned above the oil well holding the pipe perpendicular to the sea horizon, otherwise the oil pipe must be broken. Before the accident DH was drilling a new main well. That means once broken the oil well has well extra pressure to push the oil out by itself, causing an oil spill accident. Historically offshore rigs were positioned by anchors. With the development of powerful propellers, GPS, and signal processing technology, dynamic positioning — positioning without anchors — played its role in newer drilling rigs including the DH. Under dynamic positioning the real time position of the rig is continuously analysed and fed back to the propeller system with proper commands of new strengths and directions. Because this feedback cycle is delicately maintained by AI rather than physically by anchors, once the signal/control system fail (e.g. in a fire) the rig will be suddenly turned back to a simple unchained flowing boat on the sea. The design of dynamic positioning, although hi-tech, adds risks of oil spilling accident to the system.

The blow out preventer (BOP)

The Wall Street Journal did an excellent explanation about the BOP. The blow out preventer is located at the oil well on the sea bed. As the oil pipe broke at somewhere, it leaves to the blow out preventer to stop the oil from the exit of the well (triggering it perhaps by a dropping signal of flow pressure). According exclusively to BP, however, the BOP ceased to work as expected by unknown reason. News reporters also found from the safety evaluation of DH 10 years ago evidence that BP planned not to implement emergent manual “stop” button for the BOP, i.e. a remote acoustic trigger. It seems that the producer of the BOP was very confident with their product at that time, and successfully convinced its customer BP not to implement additional remote trigger for DH due to economic reasons. All these information represent an atmosphere of over-confidence around the construction of this platform which is to drill the deepest seabed ever.

Historically when the offshore drilling task did not involved very deep sea, people use BOPs with the same design as those used on dry land oil wells. As we drill from deeper and deeper the seabed this simple copying started to cause problems. Under increased hydrodynamic pressure the hydraulic transmission system used for the BOP become more inefficient, limited by the diameter of hydraulic tubes. Thus the deeper the BOP goes down the sea, the slower for the hydraulic transmission system to response, and in the worst condition, the system just fails. Although this has been history and now these problems must have been overcome, the experience tells us that drilling from new depth poses new unexpected factors and challenges. Confidence on the BOP component base on previous success in shallower constructions is faint.

The rescue

Underestimation extended to the rescue phase of this event. As I wrote this post news that the containment domes plan has failed come to my eyes. The idea of using domes is not the first idea, but after the earlier failure of remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). However, the speed of spilling was already warned of by many source of information before these failures, while BP kept assuring us of the effectiveness of the ROVs, then the containment domes by previous success of these methods, despite public questions whether these would also work under the depth we never have explore.

The ocean is no more accessible than the moon

Offshore projects, although started more than 50 years ago in USA and later in other countries (including China), are still kind of adventures. The most important obstacles — ocean currents, winds and environmental impacts, are currently still out of mankind’s prediction and control. We are proud to say that a small step deeper of the drilling rig is a large step of the mankind, just like what we call about the moon landing project. However, as BP described earlier, although it took full response of the accident but it is not BP’s own fault (from Chinese news sources). In other words, any small fault in this adventure may also be a big one of the mankind, just like what we have in the space shuttle Columbia disaster.

Does the US government treat their offshore exploration projects equally well as their moon or Mars exploration projects?

墨西哥湾油灾续三——《新知客》:早就知道的事。

拿到5月份《新知客》后,看到一个之前没见过的栏目——“观察”。题目恰为:《奥巴马为何要吃窝边油》。

《新知客》5月“观察”

《新知客》5月“观察”

5月份的杂志,应该是4月中旬就组版了。因此此文应该是四月初写就的。美国墨西哥湾油灾事件是四月底开始引起广泛关注的。成为新闻热点应该是刚刚5月前后。因此我实在惊异于行内人的预言能力。我这个行外人在博客里写的东西,仅能作为自己学习了解此事的个人笔记罢了。所幸我发现我了解了一番之后,所形成的基本见解跟行内人的看法类似;更庆幸的是我在此次事件关注系列的第一篇文章开头就清醒地认识到:

人人IQ都高,你的价值不在于你比别人聪明多少,而在于你的职业,你的生存环境和阅历的个人性、独家性。想要“独家”,就“独家”在此。如果人人都最大程度地利用自己的IQ,就能在最少的时间里把事情推进到最前沿的程度,任何发展都会因此加速;放在有IQ不用,做那种看译文的懒事,很可耻,跟听信谣言的不明真相群众无异。……

我打的文字,主要是补充这些资料所没有的内容,同时把这些零碎的资料连接成一起。哪怕是这项工作,我价值也是为零的……

所以,可以认为,以下引用于原文的话,其实是行内人早就知道的事情了。站在这些话的高度之上去看待此次油泄露事件(这是起码的),就能感觉到它不仅仅是不堪设想的生态灾难,而且还是不堪设想的政治灾难。好像有个什么名言说人类的政治全都是非理性的胡言乱语,因此人类的愚蠢是注定的。

目前,美国一半以上的石油依赖进口,……(陆地)油田不再像以前那样大量产出……

随着美国人的石油胃口越来越大,以及石油峰值的来临(我注:什么是Peak Oil),事情越来越不如人意。……

……在声称石油储量大约在700亿桶、能满足美国数年(注意,仅仅是数年!)(我注:现在该处某油井正以每天25000桶的速度消散)石油消耗量的墨西哥湾,其中400亿桶储存在没有发现的超深水域,相当于美国石油储备的最后疆界……

……超深水域的绘图和钻探难度无异于石油科技上的珠穆朗玛峰,每一个探索都须付出巨大代价。状如阿尔卑斯山的盐层让地质学家至今还示能准确描绘这里的地质构型,墨西哥湾的暖流和9000多米深的沉积层让精密的钻机随时可能折断,还不必说因为超深水域带来的高温高压危险,以及飓风的袭击,种种因素让墨西哥湾石油的开采成本极高,平均一艘钻船每日营运成本高达50万美元,而一个小小的意外,都可能带来上亿美元的损失。

(要看全文请购买5月份的《新知客》。)

关于从此次事件引申出的消费高度发达的资本主义社会弊端的思考,我在高度在国外一个很活跃的石油话题论坛网站The Oil Drum看到这样的回复:

一人说:Why are BP drilling in GOM (我注:即Gulf of Mexico) anyway? Because Americans like to live 50 miles from work and like to live a consumerist lifestyle too. All of which needs oil, and a bloody shed load too.

So perhaps Obama and all you other Americans should take the plank out of your own eyes before trying to criticize and damn BP. Y’all want the friggin oil… live with it.

另一人回复上文:Because they failed to create low cost, high efficiency photovoltaic panels when governments paid oil companies to create them.

Because industry refuses to provide options for consumers and prefers to use methods like General Motors used to destroy the EV-1.

British Petroleum is run by oil men who know no other product. Since they have no interest in adapting to something else, they seek to extract oil where ever they can still find it, even though it lies in ever more difficult locations. At the fuel pump American consumers do not give a hoot whether their fuel came from BP or Saudi Aramco.

Where’s the electric car that would put oil men out of business?

我又联想到我们国家。《新知客》“观察”文章说美国多少多少比例的石油主要靠进口,说陆上的石油要采光了,看着就好像是在描述中国的国情。大庆等老牌大陆油天正在拼命地研究三次采油复合驱,关心石油的国人一直都在把眼睛瞄准我国的南海,难道那里不正就是我国“石油储备的最后疆界”么?我国其实面临着跟美国同样的问题。

今年2月份,由中国海油投资、我国自行建造的深水半潜式钻井平台“海洋石油981”在上海外高桥造船有限公司顺利出坞,这个东西就是跟现在墨西哥湾出事的Deepwater Horizon同一级别的东西(严格来说更高级,Deepwater Horizon是第5代,海洋石油981据称是第6代,具体什么差别恕我外行)。而此前中海油荣获2008年度国家科技进步二等奖的“中国南海西部海域复杂构造安全快速钻井技术”介绍中也明确提到

针对中国南海西部海域所存在的高温超压并存、井壁失稳严重等世界级重大钻井技术难题,通过技术引进……使钻井井眼复杂事故率从40%~72%降至5%以下……

而(不知道是不是我犯概念混淆)据媒体报道此次出事的Deepwater Horizon平台,当初正是因为BP评估事故风险为5%,觉得够低了,所以在方方面面免去了价格昂贵但能大大降低此次灾难等级的应急保险措施(包括但不仅限于现在曝露出来的远程触发开关缺如、深海求急技术方案可行性演练等)。5%是一个什么概念?就是每二十次会发生一次!这如此高的风险竟被业界公认为“很低”,背后到底是何等巨大利益驱使如此胆大的冒险成为业界公认?让人更关心的简单问题是:如何避免海洋石油981成为人类下一个Deepwater Horizon?近海工程可借鉴经验极少,这就是此次Deepwater Horizon之灾的唯一宝贵之处。

节能灯含汞为什么还要大力推广?

一则很长的作者按:

这篇东西拟投《新知客》勿转!

当初本来只是为了写一篇博客来骂一下《南方周末》的一篇报道:2亿只节能灯的后遗症。后来《新知客》约稿,文中就不便点名。现在稿子投了,暂时还不知道采不采用。关于南周报道的不吐不快就在此略谈一下。

报道的华尔街日报体是从一位“八旬教授”引出的,又回到该“八旬教授”作为结尾的。占全文超过一半篇幅的文字,全是在引述八旬教授虞昊的话:

2010年3月,清华大学物理系八旬教授虞昊投书本报直言,这封信半年前亦曾直达国务院,并引发高层关注。(2010年3月恰好是今年全国两会期间。每逢的两会召开,都会有社会上的一堆神经病、民科、“脑控”受害者等等组织“上书国务院”的活动,并一律会对外声称“已引发高层关注”——我注)

他担心……

据其介绍……

虞坚信,……

据虞统计,……

“……”虞教授不无气愤。

虞昊曾对很多领导谈及此事……

他曾四处调查走访节能灯销售市场……

虞昊回忆,……

虞教授介绍,……

虞昊亦疾呼,……

在虞昊看来,……

真为这位“八旬教授”捏把汗——真累啊!又是“调查走访”又是“上书”……南周记者袁端端真的要好好地感谢这位八旬教授。从这篇报道来看,如果没有这位“八旬教授”,整篇报道根本就写不出来了!南周还不如直接炒袁端端鱿鱼,把八旬教授聘请过来当记者得了。

这只是我从报道里找到的一个值得拿出来取笑一番的小问题罢了。南周的这篇报道的主要问题在于它是整篇的废话,它的基础——节能灯导致汞污染——是完全虚无的。事实是,节能灯减少汞污染。因此,文章中的每一个观点(基本上全部就是八旬教授的观点),包括所谓“长期以来,照明科研界,也对节能灯的汞污染课题观照不够”等等,全部都是毫无必要的。 我一边看这篇报道就在一边替南方周末丢脸,加上其低智逻辑,我心想,这就是一份定位于高级知识分子,让人“读懂中国”的报刊做的高水平深度报道吗?讽刺的是,袁端端还写过一篇关于“报格”的文章,大谈人有人格报也得有“报格”,莫非《南方周末》这篇报道恰恰是“报格”的典范?我这位行外人真的不解。

这个周末跟混得人模狗样“资深媒体人”陈昊旻喝酒,他这么劝我:没有倾向性就不是新闻,让你愤怒,只能说明它是新闻。

《新知客》我的专栏有一个对我个人的介绍是这样写的:主要研究非线性流变学,在科学网开设博客,常年热评科学事件。我心想,中科院化学所王鸿飞研究员,主要研究非线性光学,却成为科学网名博,就已经有很多人骂他不务正业,叫他滚回自己的实验室做研究。我“主要研究非线性流变学”却“常年热评科学事件”,当然也同样会陷入奇怪的道德深渊,被人踩死。我这个万物皆流博客,本来是想主要写关于流变学研究的文章的,但是你看现在我有多久没有写关于流变学的东西了?关注这个博客的大部分都是不懂流变学的人。我现在认识的流变学朋友,也仅限厦大一哥们。有一次我跟陈昊旻说说,跟新知客写专栏好累,想不写了。而且也不想再“热评”什么“科学”,不想在网易这种顶级门户网站开博了。我写博客这么久,从来没见过像我的网易博客那样一天之内有几千几千的访问题,看着都觉得恐怖,不知道走到街上会不会被人捅一刀。他就跟我说,要珍惜我现在所获得的话语权。看了南周的脑残报道,结合所谓“没有倾向性就不是新闻”的说法,我就明白了。我不能要求新闻没有倾向性,我能做的,只是用我自己的手来敲键盘。

很多人以为在中国的言论环境下,愿意听不同声音的人很多。但事实恰恰相反,结果其实是愿意听不同声音的人极少。不信?去看看最近网易“另一面”栏目做的桉树专题的下面的网友评论就知道了。不过,这也跟网易做的这个科普水平太烂有关。

许知远说

公共舆论在中国的力量仍旧弱小,作为一个专栏作家,你所能得到信息太少,很多时候,你只能在外围猜测。即使评论国际政治,你也不能随心所欲地前往中东、白宫或是进入欧盟总部的办公室。然后,你发现精英舆论在今天的反智的中国社会中,得到的唾弃远比尊敬要多。在我们的时代,专栏作家意味着的是那那种写作800字的无关痛痒的小品的人,而不是在报纸上最重要的版面发表正在发生的社会变革的严肃看法的写作。与艺术家、诗人、电影导演一样,专栏作家是一个国家创造性的标志之一,很显然,这一点在中国是如此欠缺,这多少表明了中国社会在自我理解方面存在着巨大的障碍。

以上就是我贴出下文之前想说的话。

最近关于节能灯话题,有两则自相矛盾的报道:一方面发改委副主任解振华在今年两会上对媒体宣称,要再推广1.5亿只节能灯,并争取在几年内把全国所有的白炽灯更换为节能灯;另一方面,来自同一单位的发改委能源研究所专家刘虹的又跟记者“分析”说,1.5亿节能灯将会污染270亿吨水。伴随于节能灯“罪恶论”的,是大量“平反”的文章,一时众说纷纭却莫衷一是。种种信息已经引起普遍担忧,质疑声此起彼伏:既然节能灯含汞,为什么还要大力推广?

节能灯必须含汞。涂在灯管内壁的荧光剂,需要在紫外光照射下,才会发出可见光。灯管里含的金属汞,就是用来发出紫外线的。目前节能灯产品里的汞含量都下降到了5毫克以下。关于这些汞的担忧可分为两种情况,一是对使用者的直接危害,二是大量丢弃节能灯所造成的环境污染。其实这两种情况都被媒体过分夸大了。

节能灯所含的汞是金属汞,即俗称的“水银”。众所周知,水银一旦接触大气,就会不断挥发。空气中的汞浓度足够大,可直接致死。长期吸入低浓度蒸气,也会在体内积累,导致慢性中毒。按照美国职业安全与卫生管理局的标准,人体长期暴露的汞蒸气浓度不能高于0.1毫克每立方米。

尽管如此,破损节能灯泡中的汞对使用者的的危害,可以说是不值一提。节能灯里的汞有相当一部分被包埋在荧光剂涂层和玻璃内部,无法接触大气,因而不会蒸发。而且节能灯在使用过程中,汞会缓慢被氧化消耗,成为灯管上面常见的一层黑物,直至无法点亮而报废。按美国环保局报告,废旧节能灯泡里的汞含量只剩下原来的6%,而且这点儿汞在摔坏灯管之后也不是一下子释放光的。研究表明,节能灯破损后经过两周时间,释放的汞也只有原来的40%。种种因素加起来看,如果要维持有害的汞浓度,需要长年累月地在通风不良空间内成百上千地摔节能灯泡而且不清除掉——这样的情况当然是不可能在任何家庭出现的。

其次,从环保的角度来看,大量丢弃的废旧灯泡,不经回收而直接填埋,确实会造成污染。金属汞在自然环境里,会被转化为汞的化合物,毒性比金属汞要大得多,这些化合物能够溶解在水里,会跟着地下水跑到海洋,污染整个地球的水资源,而且还会积累在生物的体内,在食物链中逐层放大,危害十分广泛。

问题是,自然界的汞污染,有多少是来自节能灯呢?资料表明,目前地表所含的汞化合物,有一半来自火山爆发等自然因素,另一半是来自人类活动的污染。而后面这一半,有六成是来自火电厂烧的煤,剩下的四成包括金、铁等冶炼工业、水泥工业以及苛性钠等化工行业,真正来自废弃节能灯的只占到0.1%。假如按照文章开头的说法,1.5亿节能灯能污染掉世界上十分之一的水,那也只是整个效应的千分之一。连同其他工业汞污染一起计算的话,地球上的生命早该灭绝了。

虽然被过分夸大,但污染确实存在。既然火电厂排放是汞污染的大头,那么要减少人为的汞污染,主要就应该通过减少来自火电厂的用煤排放。这里面当然包括使用核能、太阳能、风能等洁净能源,或者提高煤的纯化技术,减少用煤污染等等。但是我国毕竟是煤碳大国,也是以火电为主要能源的国家。所以,节能是我国减少汞排放的重要方式。节能灯虽然自己含汞,但由使用节能灯而节省的电能,却能大大减少火电厂的汞排放,其正面效果已远超其自身含汞的影响。相反,白炽灯虽然本身不含汞,但如果算上火电厂为其供电的汞排放,白炽灯的汞污染将比相同照明效果的节能灯高5到6倍!所以,真正“有罪”的是白炽灯。推广1.5亿支节能灯,努力把全国的白炽灯全换掉,才是真正为了我国乃至整个地球的水资源着想!

当然,任何污染哪怕再细微,都是不应该支持的。推广节能灯减少了汞污染的大头,如果自身的细微污染也能够避免掉,就更加受人欢迎了。因此,在推广节能灯的同时,必须加强专门的节能灯回收作业,减少破损灯泡与自然界的直接接触。虽然这么做需要花费大量的人力物力,解决的却时污染的小头,但却能够向公众显示政府的环境责任感,是关乎政府形象的大事。