玻璃还是凝胶——从纠结到调侃

ResearchBlogging.orgRuzicka, B., Zulian, L., Zaccarelli, E., Angelini, R., Sztucki, M., Moussaïd, A., & Ruocco, G. (2010). Competing Interactions in Arrested States of Colloidal Clays Physical Review Letters, 104 (8) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.085701

玻璃化转变是《Science》期刊提出目前亟待解决的125个重要的科学难题之一。自从发现胶体粒子悬浮液体积分数不断增加的过程,会发生跟过冷液体温度不断降低的过程类似的玻璃化转变,胶体玻璃(colloidal glass)的非平衡物理研究是近来的热点.因为比起过冷液体来说,胶体玻璃实验简单可控。在玻璃化转变理论的一般预测越来越多地在胶体体系中都得到印证之后,现在好像大家都去研究胶体体系了。

最接近理论的模型是轻度多分散的硬球胶体,例如PMMA球或者PS球。因为玻璃化转变比较完善的理论MCT就是基于硬球的,至多进行一些表面修饰来调控粒子间作用力。但是实验领域的人更有兴致改换胶体性质,用不硬的(微凝胶)或者非球体的(Laponite)体系来做实验。我就是上了Laponite的贼船。

永远悬在Laponite胶体玻璃这一块研究之上的“达摩克利斯之剑”就是:Laponite是玻璃(glass)还是凝胶(gel)——即导致Laponite分散液进入非遍历态的相互作用力是排斥还是吸引力——都还没搞清楚。如果都不是玻璃,那还谈什么玻璃化转变?

Laponite粒子分散在水中,整体带负电荷。因此粒子间有静电排斥力,于是Laponite确实有成为玻璃的理论空间。但是这个排斥力的作用范围要受到水中离子强度的影响。由于自由离子的静电屏蔽作用,静电排斥力的作用距离会随离子强度的增大而减小,直至它竞争不过吸引力。这个吸引力可能来自范德华力,也可以来自粒子上带的正电荷。Laponite粒子虽然总体带负电,但是除了两面带大量负电荷之外,边缘带有少量正电荷。这个静电吸引力比起范德华力来讲更可观。总之这样的话,Laponite形成的就是粒子间相互吸引聚合形成的凝胶。学界长期纠结的是,具体离子强度到达多少是玻璃,达到多少是玻璃。Laponite的相图也被重画了N遍。

实验上我还看不到谁直接去区分粒子间是吸引还是排斥力,基本上都是用间接的方法,从侧面去确定体系处于凝胶还是玻璃结构。各种实验方法都有局限性,而且往往都是那种导致逻辑隐患的局限性。不同实验方法的结果又不可比,没办法通过多种实验方法来完善一个结论。Laponite的实验结果也确实能够用MCT玻璃化理论来描述,描述得多了大家都觉得Laponite就是玻璃了。其实这些符合MCT预测的实验,都不全面。因此就算MCT能描述得很好,也只能说Laponite体系的某些局部具有MCT的特征。所以,关于Laponite是玻璃还是凝胶的说法,一直延续至今。

1.5%的Laponite是玻璃还是凝胶?

1.5%的Laponite是玻璃还是凝胶?

从我看文献的感受来讲,我发现“内心希望”Laponite是玻璃的人越来越多。毕竟现在玻璃是凝胶态物理的热门。最近我导师给我看的一篇paper(PRL 2010, 104, 085701),让我感觉,这帮人渐渐已经不关注问题的解决了,反而想把这问题变成一个常炒常新的话题。没事调侃一下也能发paper,反正你说较真的话也没谁有本事较真出个结果,发文章干脆越来越随便,毕竟colloidal glass的热门度放在那里。

PRL的这篇文章说,基于吸引力的凝胶,加水之后,能保持水归水,凝胶归凝胶的两相,因为形成凝胶的粒子间为吸引力,后来加的水不能打破已经形成的凝胶结果;相反,基于排斥力的玻璃,加水之后能够稀释成液态,因为粒子间无非是堆积在原有体积限制之内而已,加了水之后能扩散。这一基本说理,原本就不可靠,因为这个实验现象并不能反过来说明体系是基于排斥力还是吸引力,只能说明这种相互作用力是可逆的。

令我和我导师都很困惑的是,PRL具体给出的实验结果还有很明显的问题。PRL说,浓度1.5%的Laponite是凝胶,因为加同样体积水之后,原体积的凝胶不会受影响;但浓度为3%的Laponite是玻璃,加同样体积的水之后,就把样品稀释成(1.5%)液体了。这样说来,1.5%的Laponite到底是凝胶还是玻璃呢?文章作者除了给出以上实验的宏观照片之外,只做了SAXS这一种测试,而且并没有做1.5%的样品,结果也说明不了作者想下的结论。也就是说,这篇PRL是靠几张数码相机照片得以发表的。

比起以往试图分清Laponite是凝胶还是玻璃的论文来看,这篇PRL对体系离子强度的实验控制也太粗略了。不管是支持Gel还是Glass观点,一个共识是盐浓度(静电屏敝作用)是控制这两种机理的关键因素。因此各个不同实验室报道的盐浓度控制方法就很重要,尤其如果文章的目的就是要纠结Gel和Glass的区别的话。即使用纯水来分散Laponite,体系的盐浓度就很可能处于Gel的区域了,更何况很多实验室还特意加NaOH去把pH调到10(包括PRL那篇文章的作者)。实验时添加多少盐,跟实际盐浓度是两回事。之前有人甚至用透析的方法来控制实际盐浓度,这样报道的盐浓度就比较符合实际,接下来关于Gel还是Glass的讨论才有意义。这篇PRL想要讨论Gel or glass话题,却不去纠结这个问题,显得很没基础。

靠照片来说明问题,能发Adv. Mater.或者ACS Nano是正常的,但是能发Physical Review系列期刊,感觉不可思议。

这个就是黑洞

多个个星云的融合点形成超大质量黑洞,产生强辐射,照量整个星空。

好几个这样的地方被Swift卫星的硬X射线照相机照下来了。

Swift-detected active black holes in merging galaxies

Swift-detected active black holes in merging galaxies

详细解释见此

对我而言多了解一下宇宙的生成变化就不会怕死,甚至觉得死了比较好。

The concept of polymer physics is blurred

Vicki Cleave arranged a virtual issue of the Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics on Materials View website. All articles in this issue are selected from other journals on Wiley InterScience, in order to demonstrate how wide and interesting the content of modern polymer physics research can be.

The increase of impact factor of J. Polym. Sci., Part B has been lagging behind its sister Part A. 10 years ago, the two journals have close IFs, 1.7 for Part A and 1.2 for Part B. Their 2008 records become 3.8 and 1.5, respectively. Somewhat coincidently, RSC launched a new journal Polymer Chemistry this year, wherears there has been no new journal for polymer physics. These are some loose evidence of the declining of polymer physics research I have long felt about.

SCImago Journal & Country RankSCImago Journal & Country Rank

However, the virtual issue of Part B tried to tell us there were still high impact polymer physic research that happened to appear on other journals. It now suggests what are also research of polymer physics welcomes future submission from these fields. These areas of research, as indicated by the virtual issue, are:

  • Biopolymers
  • Photo-, electro- and/or magneto-active polymers and their devices
  • Block copolymers (new only if they contain metals or are present on interfaces)

However, what physics is being extracted from these research areas? What problems of physics are still unanswered? And what models are proposed? Is there something similar to mean-field theory by P. Flory or the scaling theory by de Gennes going on? Or at least something similar to what Rouse & Zimm and Doi & Edward did?

The research on biopolymers can now follow a physic aspect only because the research of physics itself is penetrating biology. Little or no that was originally old polymer physics is applicable to biopolymers.

Photo-, electro- and/or magneto-active polymers are interesting because they are promising of soft devices. But ironically the design of them suffers much from their softness, which involves structural and dynamic heterogeniety at multiple timescale as well as nonequilibrium nature.

Block copolymer once attracted physicists after the control of polymer archetacture became easy thanks to controlled polymerization techniques such as ATRP and RAFT. However, now the research is largely simulations rather than theories.

So if Part B considers accepting papers of these research, it can boost its IF to some extent, but the cost is further blurring the concept of “polymer physics”.