{"id":9009,"date":"2024-02-16T11:28:03","date_gmt":"2024-02-16T03:28:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/?p=9009"},"modified":"2024-02-16T11:40:56","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T03:40:56","slug":"%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e5%8f%b2%e7%9a%84%e5%88%86%e6%ae%b5%e8%bf%9e%e7%bb%ad%e7%9c%8b%e6%b3%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/9009","title":{"rendered":"\u6982\u5ff5\u53f2\u7684\u201c\u5206\u6bb5\u8fde\u7eed\u201d\u770b\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"kcite-section\" kcite-section-id=\"9009\">\n\n<p>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6210\u719f\u671f\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u8fc7\u65e9\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6df1\u7a76\u5176\u524d\u6e05\u6670\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u8fa8\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u89c2\u70b9\u8352\u8c2c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4ee5\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7cbe\u529b\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u770b\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u2014\u2014M. Jammer (1957), <em>Concepts of Force<\/em>, Harvard University Press\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5c31\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A serious difficulty in the study of the development of a scientific concept lies in the necessarily inherent vagueness of its definition. This complication arises from the fact that the concept in question finds its strict specification only through its exact definition in science. This definition, however, historically viewed, is a rather late and advanced stage in its development. To limit the discussion to the concept thus defined means to ignore a major part of its life history.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e66\u8bc4\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The story is a long and complicated one, demanding great skill on the part of the writer in the choice of the relevant elements in an enormous body of more or less obscure material. He has to search for the origin of the idea in the groping attempts of our ancestors to give an explanation for motion in general, based on the analogy with human exertion and activity represented in such terms as effort, force, power, work. He must then proceed to note how these ideas were refined by abstract thinkers, given quantitative status, and made useful for the solution of practical problems&#8230;<\/p>\n<cite>R. Lindsay (1957), Science, 126 (3278):848<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u8981\u662f\u6211\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u8bc6\u522b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5171\u540c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u7d22\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u5173\u952e\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u518d\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7b5b\u9009\u5176\u4ed6\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u907f\u514d\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u8ff7\u5931\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5171\u6027\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5185\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u201c\u5206\u6bb5\u8fde\u7eed\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5176\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u201c\u7528\u5206\u6bb5\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53bb\u62df\u5408\u6563\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u201d\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<!-- kcite active, but no citations found -->\n<\/div> <!-- kcite-section 9009 -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6210\u719f\u671f\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u8fc7\u65e9\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6df1\u7a76\u5176\u524d\u6e05\u6670\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u8fa8\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u89c2\u70b9\u8352\u8c2c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4ee5\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7cbe\u529b\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u770b\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u2014\u2014M. Jammer (1957), Concepts of Force, Harvard University Press\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5c31\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a A serious difficulty in the study of the development of a scientific concept lies in the necessarily inherent vagueness of its definition. This complication arises from the fact that the concept in question finds its strict specification only through its exact definition in science. 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J. Flory\u7684\u201c\u90a3\u672c\u4e66\u201d\u2014\u2014Principles of Polymer Chemistry\u4e2d\uff08\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1953\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7531\u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0301\u0439\u043d\uff08M. V. Volkenstein\uff09\u57281959\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439\uff08\u805a\u5408\u7269\u94fe\u7684\u6784\u8c61\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\uff0cP. J. Flory\u5728\u5e8f\u4e2d\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d5e\u8d4f\u4e86\u8be5\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u540e\u8005\u7684\u201c\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u201d\u2014\u2014Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules\u4e5f\u4e8e1969\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65cb\u8f6c\u5f02\u6784\u6001\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u7b97\u771f\u5b9e\u805a\u5408\u7269\u94fe\u7edf\u8ba1\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd1\u4f3c\u601d\u60f3\u2014\u2014\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u52a0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\uff09\u3002 M. Volkenstein\u539f\u8457\u5c01\u9762 \u65cb\u8f6c\u5f02\u6784\u6001\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u63cf\u8ff0\u771f\u5b9e\u94fe\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u8282\u590d\u6742\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u81ea\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u952e\u8282\u65cb\u8f6c\u52bf\u80fd\u66f2\u7ebf\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e86\u53ef\u5199\u4e0b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4ece\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u9020\u6210\u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u5f88\u50cf\u7531\u201c\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u5230\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6070\u597d\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u95ee\u4e16\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u77e9\u9635\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u4ee3\u6570\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u843d\u5b9e\u5230\u8f6c\u79fb\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0a\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u65cb\u8f6c\u5f02\u6784\u6001\u5047\u8bbe\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5316\u5b66\u5f0f\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u94fe\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7528\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u805a\u5408\u7269\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u800c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u201c\u53e6\u591650%\u52aa\u529b\u201d\u3002Volkenstein\u539f\u4e66\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u5149\u6563\u5c04\u3001Kerr\u6548\u5e94\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u65cb\u8f6c\u5f02\u6784\u6001\u5047\u8bbe\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u85cf\u5728\u590d\u6742\u800c\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u591a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5047\u5b9a\uff08\u6bd4\u5982valence-optical scheme\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002 \u4ece\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6db2\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u82e5\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u524d\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u524d\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8981\u5728\u6db2\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u6709\u5148\u950b\u5f0f\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u5728Flory\u7684Principles in Polymer Chemistry\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u662f\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6eb6\u6db2\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u683c\u5b50\u7edf\u8ba1\u90e8\u5206\uff0cFlory\u201c\u5570\u55e6\u201d\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff08p. 497 sec. 1a\u7684\u7b2c2\u81ea\u7136\u6bb5\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9053\u51fa\u4e86\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u5f84\u5411\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u6982\u5ff5\uff01\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0cVolkenstein\u7684\u539f\u4e66\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\uff08V. A. Kargin\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u843d\u540e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728Kargin\u5f53\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u6297\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u56fd\u540c\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u3002\u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f\u0301 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0301\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u0438\u0301\u0444\u0448\u0438\u0446\uff08I. M. Lifshitz\uff09\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u89c2\u70b9\uff081968\u5e74\uff09\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u518d\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u76f4\u63a5\u770bFlory\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002Flory\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u540e\u671f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u540c\u4e8b\u548c\u5b66\u751f\uff1aJ. Mark\u3001A. Abe\u3001R. Jernigan\u3001A. Tonelli\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86Volkenstein\u94fe\u7edf\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8457\u540d\u63d2\u56fe\u3002 \u7528Monte Carlo\u6a21\u62df\u751f\u6210\u7684\u7acb\u4f53\u5f02\u6784\u65e0\u89c4\u94fe\u7279\u5f81\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u7279\u5f81\u6bd4\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u56fe","rel":"","context":"In 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