{"id":8206,"date":"2021-08-16T10:18:05","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T02:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/?p=8206"},"modified":"2021-08-17T09:24:54","modified_gmt":"2021-08-17T01:24:54","slug":"%e7%b2%98%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e8%ae%a4%e8%af%86%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%80%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/8206","title":{"rendered":"\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u4e00\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\n

\u524d\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u505a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0aMaria Grazia Ianniello\u4f5c\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f5c\u200b(Ianniello 1993)\u200b<\/span>\u200b*\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\uff0c\u6211\u5199\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4e5f\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u8fc7\u5979\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u7684\u539f\u6587\uff08\u89c1\u6b64\u6587<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u770bIanniello\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u6587\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u5979\u5173\u6ce8\u7ec6\u8282\u8ddf\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u770b\u5f97\u548c\u60f3\u5f97\u6bd4\u6211\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7167\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e5f\u548c\u6211\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5f88\u4fe1\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u66f4\u65e9\u4e9b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u200b(D\u00f6rries 1991)\u200b<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u4f59\u6548\u201d\uff08Nachwirking\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u8fdf\u6ede\u201d\uff08histeresis\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u56de\u987e\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u5982Ianniello\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner and Walters 1998)\u200b<\/span>\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96be\u514d\u4e5f\u6d41\u4e8e\u6cdb\u6cdb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u6765\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cHershel Markovitz\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u66f4\u52a0\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u5411\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1\u200b(Markovitz 1968, 1977, 1985)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u200b(Doraiswamy 2002)\u200b<\/span>\u4e5f\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6eaf\u6e90\u8d44\u6599\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner 2002)\u200b<\/span>\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u6d41\u53d8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f26\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u90d1\u878d\u8001\u5e08\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u535a\u5ba2<\/a>\u5199\u6ee1\u4e86\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u662f\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6216\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bcd\u3002 Ferry\u5bf9\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u552f\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u200b(Ferry 1980)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u3002\u503c\u63d0\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u632f\u8361\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u201c\u5927\u5e45\u632f\u8361\u526a\u5207\u201d\uff08large amplitude oscillatory shear\uff0cLAOS\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u8ff0\u200b(Hyun et al. 2011)\u200b<\/span>\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u65e9\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7efc\u8ff0\u6709\u200b(Bird and Giacomin 2016)\u200b<\/span>\u548c\u200b(Voigtmann 2014)\u200b<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u6709\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u677e\u5f1b\uff08\u5f1b\u8c6b\uff09\u73b0\u8c61\u200b\u2020\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64Oppenheim\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u200b(Oppenheim et al. 1997)\u200b<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ddf\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u662f\u76f8\u901a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u901a\u7528\u672c\u6784\u2014\u2014Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5377\u79ef\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53f2\u8ddf\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u5ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u200b(Evans and Morriss 2008)\u200b<\/span>\u548c\u200b(Kreuzer 1981)\u200b<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u56de\u987e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6700\u521d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8ddf\u4eca\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5dee\u8ddd\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u677e\u5f1b\u201d\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u864e\u514b\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u725b\u987f\u7c98\u6027\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u4ece\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u542c\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u200b\u2021\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6b27\u62c9\u628a\u725b\u987f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u63a8\u5e7f\u81f3\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u521a\u4f53\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u200b(Truesdell 1960a, 1968)\u200b<\/span>\u200b\u00a7\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ed61738\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684Hydrodynamica<\/em>\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u200b(Truesdell 1960a, 1968)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u4e0e\u91cd\u529b\u52bf\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u3002\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u80fd\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5b88\u6052\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\uff08\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u8bbe\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u4e0e\u70ed\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7b49\u4e00\u540c\u7ea0\u7f20\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u624d\u7b97\u786e\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u521d\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7b80\u5355\u5f62\u53d8\u7684\u6052\u6e29\uff08\u4ee5\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff09\u529b\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u89e3\u51b3\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u8026\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6e29\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u65e9\u5df2\u77e5\u6653\u7684\u3002\u6e29\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fde\u5e26\u7684\u70ed\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u5177\u4f53\u5230\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u662f\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u987a\u5e26\u5730\uff08\u5374\u5e76\u975e\u6b21\u8981\u5730\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u5b50\u8bba\u4e0e\u552f\u80fd\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u6216\u7565\u665a\u4e9b\uff08\u4ee5Boltzmann\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5206\u5b50\u8bba\u548c\u552f\u80fd\u8bba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u8981\u5230Perrin\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u624d\u7b97\u5b8c\u7ed3\uff0c\u665a\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u200b(Newburgh et al. 2006)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u5f88\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u5934\u620f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53c2\u8003\u200b(Truesdell and Bharatha 1977; Chang 2007)\u200b<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u864e\u514b\u56fa\u4f53\u4e0e\u725b\u987f\u6d41\u4f53<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u5b9e\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u5f62\u53d8\u548c\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u7c98\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u5f13\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5584\u662f\u524d\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6c34\u949f\u7684\u6821\u6b63\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d1000\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u90fd\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u51ac\u5929\u6c34\u8981\u52a0\u70ed\u949f\u624d\u51c6\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d99~55\u5e74\u7f57\u9a6c\u8bd7\u4eba\u5362\u514b\u83b1\u4fee\u7684\u957f\u8bd7\u300a\u7269\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u5c31\u5bf9\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u7c98\u5ea6\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e4e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u200b(1930)\u200b<\/span>\u200b\u00b6\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u725b\u987f\u5728\u5176\u300a\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u7c98\u5ea6\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u7c98\u5ea6\u201d\uff08viscosity\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u725b\u987f\u5728\u300a\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4eb2\u81ea\u505a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u4ee5\u592a\u65cb\u6da1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u505a\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002\u540e\u4e16\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u725b\u987f\u6db2\u4f53\u201d(Newtonian liquid\uff09\uff0c\u59cb\u4f5c\u607f\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u200b(Reiner 1929)\u200b<\/span>\u200b#\u200b<\/sup><\/span>\u3002\u725b\u987f\u53ea\u4f5c\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u526a\u5207\u6d41\u573a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u901f\u5ea6\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u662fNavier\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u538b\u7f29\u6d41\u4f53\uff09\u548cStokes\uff08\u4f53\u79ef\u7c98\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\mathbf{T}=-p\\mathbf{I}+\\left(\\lambda_\\mathrm{V}\\mathrm{tr}\\mathbf{D}\\right)\\mathbf{I}+2\\eta\\mathbf{D}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56e0\u6b64\u200b(Coleman et al. 1966)\u200b<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528Navier\u2013Stokes fluid\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u4ee3\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u4e3a\u6070\u5f53\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u725b\u987f\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u7c98\u5ea6\u03b7<\/em>\u662f\u5e38\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u6d41\u4f53\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u975e\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u864e\u514b\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5f39\u7c27\u62c9\u4f38\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u4ed6\u57281676\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u5b57\u8ff7\u8bf4\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u624d\u516c\u5f00\u8ff7\u5e95\u3002\u6ce2\u4e49\u8033\u5728\u5bf9\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u5f39\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4e0e\u725b\u987f\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5f39\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u201c\u6b63\u6bd4\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8d77\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u526a\u5207\u7c98\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6768\u6c0f\u6a21\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662fYoung\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u6a21\u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\uff08James\u3001John\u3001Daniel\uff09\u548c\u6b27\u62c918\u4e16\u7eaa\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u7ebf\u6027\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\\mathbf{T}=\\left(\\lambda_\\mathrm{E}\\mathrm{tr}\\mathbf{e}\\right)\\mathbf{I}+2\\mu\\mathbf{e}<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u67ef\u897f\u548cNavier\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u3002Navier\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5047\u8bbe\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\u548c\u5f39\u6027\u4f53\u672c\u6784\u200b(Truesdell 1960b)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u533a\u5206\u201c\u6a21\u91cf\u662f\u5e38\u6570\u201d\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5219\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u200b(Tanner and Walters 1998)\u200b<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ece\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u864e\u514b\u4e0e\u725b\u987f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u6781\u9650\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6b63\u6bd4\u4f8b\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7ebf\u6027\uff09\u548c\u5373\u65f6\u6027\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff09\u3002\u5728\u56de\u987e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u4f1a\u5173\u5fc3\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fdd\u80cc\u8fd9\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6700\u521d\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. \u5f39\u6027\u4f59\u6548\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u7535\u78c1\u5b66<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u6700\u521d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9996\u4e2a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u662f Wilhelm Weber<\/a>\uff08\u97e6\u4f2f\uff09 \u3002\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u662fNachwirkung\uff0c\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u8bed\u662fafter-effect\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u610f\u601d\u7684\u8bcd\u3002\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u201c\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7c98\u5ea6\u201d\uff08the viscosity of metal\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff08\u56fa\u6001\uff09\u91d1\u5c5e\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684viscoelasticity\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8fd8\u53d7\u540e\u7eed\u5143\u4ef6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u8865\u5145\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7528\u8bcd\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nachwirkung\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5982\u4f55\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff1f\u6211\u641c\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u200b(\u5ca1 1971)\u200b<\/span>\u7528\u201c\u4f59\u6548\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u53f0\u6e7e\u4e5f\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u8bd1\u5f97\u4e0d\u9519\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u53d1\u73b0\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5951\u673a\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u4ed6\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u78c1\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u548c\u9ad8\u65af\uff08Carl Friedrich Gauss<\/a>\uff09\u56e0\u5bf9\u5730\u78c1\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u800c\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u642d\u5efa\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u5668\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u7406\u8bba\u200b(O\u2019Connor and Robertson 2009)\u200b<\/span>\u3002\u626d\u6446\u6216\u626d\u79e4\uff08torsional pendulum\/balance\uff09\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u5668\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e1d\u7ebf\u662f\u626d\u6446\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u80fd\u662f\u626d\u6446\u7075\u654f\u5ea6\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff08\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u518d\u8bf4\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u666e\u904d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8981\u6539\u8fdb\u626d\u6446\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u5bf9\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e1d\u7ebf\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f\u60f3\u6539\u7528\u66f4\u8f6f\u7684\u8695\u4e1d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u626d\u6446\u4e1d\u7ebf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5bf9\u8695\u4e1d\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u5f39\u6027\u4f59\u6548\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e861835\u5e74\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u8bba\u6587\u200b(Weber 1835)\u200b<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u5927\u5bb6\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\uff0c\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u501f\u52a9\u4e86\u529b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u65f6\u90fd\u4e3e\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u540e\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u548c\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u201c\u4f59\u6548\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u4e92\u76f8\u501f\u9274\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
to be continue...<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
  1. \u200b*\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    Maria Grazia Ianniello\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7684\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5979\u7684\u7b80\u5386\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.phys.uniroma1.it\/DipWeb\/didattica\/ccl\/2008-09\/Programmi%20LS\/1012181.pdf\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.phys.uniroma1.it\/DipWeb\/museo\/home.htm\u3002<\/div><\/li>
  2. \u200b\u2020\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    \u201crelaxation\u201d\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u5e38\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u677e\u5f1b\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u5b66\u4e2d\u5e38\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5f1b\u8c6b\u201d\u3002<\/div><\/li>
  3. \u200b\u2021\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    \u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u6df1\u6709\u6d45\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u975e\u53ea\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u6df1\u6d45\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u201c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u80cc\u666f\u201d\u7684\u5212\u5b9a\u3002<\/div><\/li>
  4. \u200b\u00a7\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    \u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982D’Alembert\u5173\u4e8e\u7406\u60f3\u6d41\u4f53\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u3002C. Truesdell\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u7ecf\u5e38\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6765\u5b8c\u5584\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/div><\/li>
  5. \u200b\u00b6\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    \u636e\u8fd9\u7bc7Editorial\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u662fWinslow Herschel\u5f15\u8d77\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bd7\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u8bb0\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662fHerschel\u2013Bulkley\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u90a3\u4e2aHerschel\u3002\u6211\u6839\u636eWikipedia\u4e0a\u300a\u7269\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u82f1\u8bed\u8bd1\u6587\u5217\u8868\u70b9\u5f00\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u90fd\u8ddf\u8fd9\u7bc7Editorial\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u8bd1\u6587\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u6bb5\u82f1\u8bed\u8bd1\u6587\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u4e2a\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bd1\u6587\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u8d44\u6599\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u7269\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u65f6\u6240\u7528\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bd1\u6587\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u5927\u5bb6\u53bb\u627e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u6765\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f51\u4e0a\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u662f1683\u5e74\u7531Thomas Creech\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\uff1aSo thro the strayner wines with ease do flow,\/\/But heavy oyl or stops, or runs more slow.\/\/The reason’s this, ’cause tis of parts combin’d\/\/Far greater, or more hookt, and closely twin’d,\/\/Which therefore cannot be disjon’d as soon,\/\/And thro each little passage singly run. \u90d1\u878d\u8001\u5e08\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66fe\u8d4f\u6790\u8fc7\u6b64\u8bd7\uff08http:\/\/news.sciencenet.cn\/sbhtmlnews\/2012\/7\/260857.shtm?id=260857\uff09\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u8bd7\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u4f55\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7Edtorial\u548c\u90d1\u878d\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u5207\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/div><\/li>
  6. \u200b#\u200b<\/sup><\/div>
    I propose to call a material that behaves according to Equation 4 a Newtonian liquid.<\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n\n\n
    \u6587\u732e\u5217\u8868<\/h5>
    1.   
      Bird RB, Giacomin AJ (2016) Polymer Fluid Dynamics: Continuum and Molecular Approaches. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 479\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034536<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    2.   
      Chang H (2007) Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press<\/div>\n<\/li>
    3.   
      Coleman BD, Markovitz H, Noll W (1966) Viscometric Flows of Non-Newtonian Fluids: Theory and Experiment. Springer-Verlag<\/div>\n<\/li>
    4.   
      Doraiswamy D (2002) The Origins of Rheology: A Short Historical Excursion. Rheology Bulletin 71:7\u201317<\/div>\n<\/li>
    5.   
      D\u00f6rries M (1991) Prior History and Aftereffects: Hysteresis and \u201cNachwirkung\u201d in 19th-Century Physics. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 25\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/27757672<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    6.   
      Evans DJ, Morriss G (2008) Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press<\/div>\n<\/li>
    7.   
      Ferry JD (1980) Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons<\/div>\n<\/li>
    8.   
      Hyun K, Wilhelm M, Klein CO, et al (2011) A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Progress in Polymer Science 1697\u20131753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.002<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    9.   
      Ianniello MG (1993) Elastic Nachwirkung, Brownian Motion, and the Tide against Determinism: 1835-1920. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 41\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/27757712<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    10.   
      Kreuzer HJ (1981) Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and its Statistical Foundations. Clarendon Press<\/div>\n<\/li>
    11.   
      Markovitz H (1968) The emergence of rheology. Physics Today 23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3034918<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    12.   
      Markovitz H (1977) Boltzmann and the Beginnings of Linear Viscoelasticity. Transactions of the Society of Rheology 381\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1122\/1.549444<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    13.   
      Markovitz H (1985) Rheology: in the Beginning. Journal of Rheology 777\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1122\/1.549809<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    14.   
      Newburgh R, Peidle J, Rueckner W (2006) Einstein, Perrin, and the reality of atoms: 1905 revisited. American Journal of Physics 478\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1119\/1.2188962<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    15.   
      O\u2019Connor JJ, Robertson EF (2009) Wilhelm Eduard Weber. In: Wilhelm Weber  (1804 – 1891) – Biography – MacTutor History of Mathematics. https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Weber\/<\/a>. Accessed 14 Aug 2021<\/div>\n<\/li>
    16.   
      Oppenheim AV, Willsky AS, Nawab SH (1997) Signals & Systems, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall<\/div>\n<\/li>
    17.   
      Reiner M (1929) The General Law of Flow of Matter. Journal of Rheology 11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1122\/1.2116288<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    18.   
      Tanner RI (2002) Note on the beginnings of sinusoidal testing methods. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal 14:87\u201390<\/div>\n<\/li>
    19.   
      Tanner RI, Walters RI (1998) Rheology: An Historical Perspective, 1st edn. Elsevier<\/div>\n<\/li>
    20.   
      Truesdell C (1960a) A program toward rediscovering the rational mechanics of the age of reason. Arch Hist Exact Sci 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00357393<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    21.   
      Truesdell C (1968) Essays in the History of Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, New York<\/div>\n<\/li>
    22.   
      Truesdell C (1960b) Outline of the History of Flexible or Elastic Bodies to 1788. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1647\u20131656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1907980<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    23.   
      Truesdell CA, Bharatha S (1977) The Concepts and Logic of Classical Thermodynamics as a Theory of Heat Engines. Spinger-Verlag, Berlin<\/div>\n<\/li>
    24.   
      Voigtmann T (2014) Nonlinear glassy rheology. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 549\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cocis.2014.11.001<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    25.   
      Weber W (1835) Ueber die Elasticit\u00e4t der Seidenf\u00e4den. Ann Phys Chem 247\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/andp.18351100204<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    26.   
      \u5ca1\u5c0f\u5929 (1971) \u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u306e\u6b74\u53f2. \u9ad8\u5206\u5b50 20:177\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1295\/kobunshi.20.177<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>
    27.   
      (1930) Lucretius. Journal of Rheology 440\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1122\/1.2116337<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      \u524d\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u505a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u3002 \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0aMaria Grazia Ianniello\u4f5c\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f5c\u200b(Ianniello 1993)\u200b\u200b*\u200b\uff0c\u6211\u5199\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4e5f\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u8fc7\u5979\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u7684\u539f\u6587\uff08\u89c1\u6b64\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u770bIanniello\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u6587\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u5979\u5173\u6ce8\u7ec6\u8282\u8ddf\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u770b\u5f97\u548c\u60f3\u5f97\u6bd4\u6211\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7167\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e5f\u548c\u6211\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5f88\u4fe1\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u66f4\u65e9\u4e9b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u200b(D\u00f6rries 1991)\u200b\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u4f59\u6548\u201d\uff08Nachwirking\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u8fdf\u6ede\u201d\uff08histeresis\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u56de\u987e\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u5982Ianniello\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner and Walters 1998)\u200b\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96be\u514d\u4e5f\u6d41\u4e8e\u6cdb\u6cdb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u6765\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cHershel Markovitz\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u66f4\u52a0\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u5411\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1\u200b(Markovitz 1968, 1977, 1985)\u200b\u3002\u200b(Doraiswamy 2002)\u200b\u4e5f\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6eaf\u6e90\u8d44\u6599\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner 2002)\u200b\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u6d41\u53d8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f26\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002 \u5df2\u6545\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u90d1\u878d\u8001\u5e08\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u535a\u5ba2\u5199\u6ee1\u4e86\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u8bdd\u3002 1. \u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d \u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u662f\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6216\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bcd\u3002 Ferry\u5bf9\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u552f\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u200b(Ferry 1980)\u200b\u3002\u800c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u3002\u503c\u63d0\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u632f\u8361\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u201c\u5927\u5e45\u632f\u8361\u526a\u5207\u201d\uff08large amplitude oscillatory shear\uff0cLAOS\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u8ff0\u200b(Hyun et al. 2011)\u200b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u65e9\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7efc\u8ff0\u6709\u200b(Bird and Giacomin 2016)\u200b\u548c\u200b(Voigtmann 2014)\u200b\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u6709\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u677e\u5f1b\uff08\u5f1b\u8c6b\uff09\u73b0\u8c61\u200b\u2020\u200b\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64Oppenheim\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u200b(Oppenheim et al. 1997)\u200b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ddf\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u662f\u76f8\u901a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u901a\u7528\u672c\u6784\u2014\u2014Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5377\u79ef\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53f2\u8ddf\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u5ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002 \u81f3\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u200b(Evans and Morriss 2008)\u200b\u548c\u200b(Kreuzer 1981)\u200b\u3002 \u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u56de\u987e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6700\u521d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8ddf\u4eca\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5dee\u8ddd\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u677e\u5f1b\u201d\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff1f 2. \u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 \u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u864e\u514b\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u725b\u987f\u7c98\u6027\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u4ece\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u542c\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u200b\u2021\u200b\u3002 \u9996\u5148\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6b27\u62c9\u628a\u725b\u987f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u63a8\u5e7f\u81f3\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u521a\u4f53\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u200b(Truesdell 1960a, 1968)\u200b\u200b\u00a7\u200b\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ed61738\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684Hydrodynamica\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u200b(Truesdell 1960a, 1968)\u200b\u3002\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u4e0e\u91cd\u529b\u52bf\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u3002\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u80fd\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5b88\u6052\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\uff08\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u8bbe\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u4e0e\u70ed\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7b49\u4e00\u540c\u7ea0\u7f20\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u624d\u7b97\u786e\u7acb\u3002 \u867d\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u521d\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7b80\u5355\u5f62\u53d8\u7684\u6052\u6e29\uff08\u4ee5\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff09\u529b\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u89e3\u51b3\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u8026\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6e29\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u65e9\u5df2\u77e5\u6653\u7684\u3002\u6e29\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fde\u5e26\u7684\u70ed\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u5177\u4f53\u5230\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u662f\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u987a\u5e26\u5730\uff08\u5374\u5e76\u975e\u6b21\u8981\u5730\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u5b50\u8bba\u4e0e\u552f\u80fd\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u6216\u7565\u665a\u4e9b\uff08\u4ee5Boltzmann\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5206\u5b50\u8bba\u548c\u552f\u80fd\u8bba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u8981\u5230Perrin\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u624d\u7b97\u5b8c\u7ed3\uff0c\u665a\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u200b(Newburgh et al. 2006)\u200b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u5f88\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u5934\u620f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53c2\u8003\u200b(Truesdell and 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\u6211\u57282009\u5e74\u7684\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u66fe\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5ddd\u81ea\u8ff0\u7684\u642d\u5efa\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u656c\u4f69\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u539f\u6587\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u56de\u8fc7\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u957f\u4e5f\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8005\u3002\u5728\u539f\u7530\u91cd\u6cbb\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bb2\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e2d\u5ddd\u9e64\u592a\u90ce\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7814\u7a76\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5ddd\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u653b\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u642d\u5efa\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u65f6\u671f\u7269\u8d44\u5f88\u7d27\u7f3a\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5f88\u50cf\u6211\u56fd\u5728\u6587\u9769\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f60\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f60\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u719f\u77e5\u5404\u7c7b\u4e94\u91d1\u7535\u8def\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u6211\u57282009\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u642d\u5efa\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u767d\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u7ec6\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5206\u5f97\u66f4\u7ec6\uff0c\u8fd8\u8ba9\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u538b\u7f29\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e0d\u5206\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u6216\u5fc5\u5907\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u5206\u5de5\u7ec6\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u7531\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5305\u529e\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u56e0\u5206\u5de5\u7ec6\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u56e0\u5e38\u8bc6\u6b20\u7f3a\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u9ebb\u6728\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u5462\uff1f \u201c\u4e45\u5c71\u6c0f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d \u6211\u57282009\u5e74\u7684\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u66fe\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4e2d\u5ddd\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u201c\u4e45\u5c71\u591a\u7f8e\u7537\u201d\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u671f\u520a\u300aKagaku\u300b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u5f53\u5e74\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u4e2d\u5ddd\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u6587\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e45\u5c71\u6c0f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u6d4b\u91cf\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e45\u5c71\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u4e45\u5c71\u591a\u7f8e\u7537\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5e94\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u578b\u6d41\u53d8\u4eea\u3002 \u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c2009\u5e74\u6211\u5f15\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4e2d\u5ddd\u5728\u8bfb\u7814\u65f6\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u6ce1\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u62c9\u4e1d\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6709\u6210\u679c\u5417\uff1f\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u5f53\u5e74\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u4ed6\u5728BCSJ\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e24\u7bc7\u7cfb\u5217\u8bba\u6587\uff1aSpinnability of Liquid. A visco-elastic State. I & II\u3002\u5728\u300a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u300b\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u7684\u201c\u6d4b\u91cf\u62c9\u4e1d\u6027\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u201d\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u6587I\u4e2d\u7684Fig. 3\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e45\u5c71\u591a\u7f8e\u7537\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u501f\u9274\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u8bba\u6587II\u4e2d\u7684Fig. 2\u3002 \u9c81\u8fc5 \u4e2d\u5ddd\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\u9c81\u8fc5\u3002 1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u5ddd\u57281967\u5e743\u6708\u53f7\u7684\u300a\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5e94\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u505a\uff08\u4f55\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\uff09\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6292\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u9c81\u8fc5\u3002\u800c\u57281970\u5e74\u53c8\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8ddf\u653f\u6cbb\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u65b0\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u60f3\u8981\u6d17\u8131\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fb5\u72af\u65e5\u672c\u6743\u76ca\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u53e5\u5f88\u7cbe\u5f69\uff1a \u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u201c\u9524\u5b50\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6325\u821e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7531\u6325\u821e\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002 \u6211\u4ece\u4e2d\u5ddd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96f6\u661f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c0f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u9c81\u8fc5\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u85e4\u91ce\u5148\u751f\u3002 \u5728\u7985\u5bfa\u7684\u95e8\u524d\u5f98\u5f8a 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Chem. Educ.\u4e0a\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66","author":"Andrew","date":"2015\u5e741\u670828\u65e5","format":"aside","excerpt":"\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u8ba2\u9605ACS\u7684J. Chem. Educ.\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6700\u8fd1\u5bc6\u96c6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u60f3\u8d77\u53bb\u627e\u627eJ. Chem. Educ.\u4ece\u521b\u520a\u4ee5\u6765\u5173\u4e8e\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u3002 \u7528rheology\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff0c\u641c\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91cc\u9762\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fa\u6765\u3002 1929\u5e74\u6b63\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u90a3\u5e74\uff0cBingham\u5728J. Chem. Educ.\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u9664\u4e86\u5c42\u6d41\u548c\u6e4d\u6d41\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u201c\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u6d41\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u5c48\u670d\u548c\u5851\u6027\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u80f6\u4f53\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5bbe\u6c49\u6d41\u4f53\u662f\u4ee5\u4ed6\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u30021930\u5e74\uff0cJ. Chem. Educ.\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4f1a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u5c40\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bba\u6587\u53ca\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709Bingham\u3001Reiner\u548cScott-Blair\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u4e2dReiner\u6f14\u8bb2\u9898\u76ee\u7adf\u7136\u53eb\u505aThe General Equation of Flow!\uff08\u539f\u6807\u9898\u5c31\u542b\u611f\u53f9\u53f7\uff09\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u5f88\u597d\u5947\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u3002 \u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u8df3\u5230\u4e8660\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0cFerry\u5728J. Chem. Educ.\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u6d41\u4f53\u4e5f\u80fd\u50a8\u5b58\u80fd\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5206\u5b50\u94fe\u88ab\u63a5\u4f38\u201d\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u71b5\u5f39\u6027\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u677e\u5f1b\u8c31\u3002 Weissenberg\u6548\u5e94\u662f1940\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u4e00\u76f4\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u8fd8\u5904\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u54ea\u4e9b\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u30021961\u5e74Nature\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u86cb\u767d\u6709Weissenberg\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5728J. Chem. Educ.\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u80f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6f14\u793aWeissenberg\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002 \u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u662f1920\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u521a\u597d\u4e5f\u662fStaudinger\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u8bba\u805a\u5408\u300b\u7684\u90a3\u5e74\uff0c\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u6982\u5ff5\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u590d\u6742\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u80f6\u4f53\u4f53\u7cfb\u6837\u54c1\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u90fd\u53eb\u80f6\u4f53\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff08\u5f53\u53ebelastic aftereffect\uff09\u3001\u7c98\u5ea6\u7684\u526a\u5207\u901f\u7387\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f97\u6bd4\u597d\u4e86\uff08\u4ee5Maxwell\u7528\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u864e\u514b\u548c\u725b\u987f\u4e3a\u6e90\u5934\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6cca\u8083\u53f6\u3001\u67ef\u897f\u3001Maxwell\u548cBoltzmann\u7b49\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u8fde\u7eed\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u3002Reiner\u5728\u542c\u8bf4Bingham\u8981\u63d0\u51fa\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u56de\u590d\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ebf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u540e\u7eed\u8fd8\u6709Rivlin\u3001Oldroyd\u3001Noll\u3001Truesdell\u7b49\u4eba\u6cbf\u7740\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7406\u6027\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8def\u5b50\u8d70\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u540e\u6765\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u771f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u540e\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ebf\u7814\u7a76\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u5916\u518d\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u6240\u4ee5Bingham\u5728J. Chem. Educ.\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u7acb\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u662f\u5851\u6027\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u5373\u8ddf\u5f53\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u672c\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u3001\u90a3\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5c48\u670d\u5e94\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\uff08\u5728Bingham\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e73\u6db2\u6837\u54c1\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a The hydraulicians were not aware that there is more than the one type of flow, and the type with which they were occupied did not\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "\u4ee5tag\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0"","block_context":{"text":"\u4ee5tag\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/category\/tagged"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8863,"url":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/8863","url_meta":{"origin":8206,"position":4},"title":"\u51af\u595a\u4e54\u5173\u4e8e\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c","author":"Andrew","date":"2023\u5e743\u670815\u65e5","format":false,"excerpt":"\u51af\u595a\u4e54\u662f\u8c01\uff1f\u7f51\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u7f3a\u5c11\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u5de7\u5408\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u7531\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u540d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5373\u5173\u4e8e\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff08critical phenomena\uff09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5174\u8da3\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5de6\u53f3\u6e10\u6e10\u5730\u4ece\u9759\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8f93\u8fd0\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u9759\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u6ca1\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u666e\u9002\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65b9\u7a0b\uff08\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8f93\u8fd0\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u4e0e\u9759\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u666e\u9002\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u9759\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u539f\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u660e\u786e\u7684\u666e\u9002\u7c7b\uff0c\u5728\u8f93\u8fd0\u7279\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u3002 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de Gennes (1976)\u7684Journal de Physique Lettre\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u903e\u6e17\u8ddf\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u7684\u903e\u6e17\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e0a\u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u903e\u6e17\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u3002\u51af\u595a\u4e54\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8f93\u8fd0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u903e\u6e17\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5f88\u591aopen questions\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4ece\u5f39\u6027\uff08\u7ebf\u6027\u5f39\u6027\u4f53\uff09\u6216\u7c98\u5ea6\uff08Navier--Stokes\u6d41\u4f53\uff09\u63a8\u5e7f\u81f3\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1a\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u4ecd\u7136\u53bb\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u201d\u4e0e\u7eaf\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff1f\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e78\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u975e\u4f46\u5728\u51af\u595a\u4e54\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u5047\u601d\u7d22\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u6309de Gennes (1976)\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53bb\u7c97\u7565\u89e3\u8bfb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u5c31\u7b97\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u62a5\u9053\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4ecd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5f39\u6027\u903e\u6e17\u4e0e\u51e0\u4f55\u903e\u6e17\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u91cd\u5408\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u3001de Gennes (1976)\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u3001\u8d85\u6807\u5ea6\u5047\u5b9a\u2026\u2026\u8bd5\u56fe\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53bb\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u51dd\u80f6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002 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