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Maxwell\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u627e\u832c\u513f\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281867\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a \u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u6709\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u7edd\u70ed\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6863\u677f\u628a\u5bb9\u5668\u5206\u6210A\u3001B\u5de6\u53f3\u4e24\u5ba4\u3002\u6863\u677f\u539f\u672c\u662f\u6253\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb9\u5668\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7cbe\u7075\u64cd\u7eb5\u6863\u7248\u5728\u65c1\u8fb9\u770b\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u628a\u5176\u4e2d\u8dd1\u5f97\u5feb\u7684\u653e\u5230\u5de6\u8fb9\u53bb\uff0c\u8dd1\u5f97\u6162\u7684\u653e\u5230\u53f3\u8fb9\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6863\u677f\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u78e8\u64e6\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8fd9\u5c0f\u7cbe\u7075\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6765\u6765\u56de\u56de\u5730\u5fd9\u6d3b\u4f46\u662f\u505a\u529f\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u8fb9\u51b7\u4e00\u8fb9\u70ed\u4e86\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6700\u5148\u662f\u5728\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u4e66\u300aTheory of Heat\u300b\u7684\u672b\u7ae0Limitation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u6c64\u59c6\u68ee\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u7235\u58eb\uff09\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7cbe\u7075\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u201d\uff08Maxwell's Demon\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6df7\u5300\u4e86\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u6210\u7eaf\u7269\u8d28\u800c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u529f\uff0c\u628a\u81a8\u80c0\u4e86\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u91cd\u65b0\u538b\u7f29\u800c\u4e0d\u505a\u529f\u2026\u2026\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u8db3\u4ee5\u63a8\u7ffb\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5931\u6548\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u671b\u4e0d\u7528\u505a\u529f\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u4f4e\u71b5\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u671b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u4e0d\u7528\u80fd\u8017\uff0c\u4e0d\u751f\u70ed\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u80fd\u8bf7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u6765\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u6563\u70ed\u5417\uff1f 1929\u5e74L. Szilard\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physik A: Hadrons and Nuclei, 1929, 53, 840-856. DOI: 10.1007\/BF01341281\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u8dd1\u5f97\u5feb\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u8dd1\u5f97\u6162\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u5bfc\u81f4\u71b5\u589e\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bb9\u5668\u5185\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u8fb9\u51b7\u4e00\u8fb9\u70ed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u71b5\u964d\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u4e0d\u65ad\u64cd\u5fc3\u7684\u71b5\u589e\u7ed9\u62b5\u6d88\u6389\u4e86\u3002 \u6807\u9898\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\uff1aOn the entropy reduction in a thermodynamic system with intelligent beings interference\uff08\u8bba\u667a\u6167\u751f\u7269\u5e72\u6270\u4e0b\u7684\u71b5\u51cf\u4f53\u7cfb\uff09 \u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u64cd\u5fc3\u201d\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u505a\u529f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff01\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7eaf\u64cd\u5fc3\u4e5f\u8981\u51fa\u6c57\uff0c\u8981\u751f\u70ed\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8bf7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u6765\u7ed9\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u6563\u70ed\u7684\u4e3b\u610f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u620f\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5de8\u5934IBM\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5c11\u64cd\u5fc3\u8fc7\uff08\u71b5\u4e5f\u589e\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\uff09\uff0c1961\u5e74\uff0cIBM\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458Rolf Landauer\u5728IBM Journal of Research and Development\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6bcf\u6bd4\u7279\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u64cd\u4f5c\u6700\u5c11\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3akBln2\u7684\u71b5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dkB\u662f\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u4e24\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u5f02\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u5174\u594b\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u628a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5904\u7406\u90fd\u6539\u6210\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u65e0\u71b5\u589e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u4e3a\u96f6\uff09\u5462\uff1f\u5f88\u591a\u903b\u8f91\u5904\u7406\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u53ef\u9006\u7684\uff0c1972\u5e74\uff0cIBM\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u5458Bennett\u751a\u81f3\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u90fd\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u53ef\u9006\u8ba1\u7b97\u201d\uff08reversible\u2026","rel":"","context":"In 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&quot;\u4ee5tag\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u4ee5tag\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0","link":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/category\/tagged"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8206,"url":"https:\/\/www.andrewsun.net\/panta_rhei\/archives\/8206","url_meta":{"origin":174,"position":2},"title":"\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u4e00\uff09","author":"Andrew","date":"2021\u5e748\u670816\u65e5","format":false,"excerpt":"\u524d\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u505a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u3002 \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0aMaria Grazia Ianniello\u4f5c\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f5c\u200b(Ianniello 1993)\u200b\u200b*\u200b\uff0c\u6211\u5199\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4e5f\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u8fc7\u5979\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u7684\u539f\u6587\uff08\u89c1\u6b64\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u770bIanniello\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u6587\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u5979\u5173\u6ce8\u7ec6\u8282\u8ddf\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u770b\u5f97\u548c\u60f3\u5f97\u6bd4\u6211\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7167\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e5f\u548c\u6211\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5f88\u4fe1\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u66f4\u65e9\u4e9b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u200b(D\u00f6rries 1991)\u200b\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u4f59\u6548\u201d\uff08Nachwirking\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u8fdf\u6ede\u201d\uff08histeresis\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u56de\u987e\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u5982Ianniello\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner and Walters 1998)\u200b\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96be\u514d\u4e5f\u6d41\u4e8e\u6cdb\u6cdb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u6765\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cHershel Markovitz\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u66f4\u52a0\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u5411\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1\u200b(Markovitz 1968, 1977, 1985)\u200b\u3002\u200b(Doraiswamy 2002)\u200b\u4e5f\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6eaf\u6e90\u8d44\u6599\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u200b(Tanner 2002)\u200b\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u6d41\u53d8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f26\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002 \u5df2\u6545\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u5bb6\u90d1\u878d\u8001\u5e08\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u535a\u5ba2\u5199\u6ee1\u4e86\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u53f2\u8bdd\u3002 1. \u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d \u201c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u201d\uff08viscoelasticity\uff09\u662f\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6216\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bcd\u3002 Ferry\u5bf9\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u552f\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u200b(Ferry 1980)\u200b\u3002\u800c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u3002\u503c\u63d0\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u632f\u8361\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u6d41\u53d8\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u201c\u5927\u5e45\u632f\u8361\u526a\u5207\u201d\uff08large amplitude oscillatory shear\uff0cLAOS\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u8ff0\u200b(Hyun et al. 2011)\u200b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u65e9\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7efc\u8ff0\u6709\u200b(Bird and Giacomin 2016)\u200b\u548c\u200b(Voigtmann 2014)\u200b\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u6709\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u677e\u5f1b\uff08\u5f1b\u8c6b\uff09\u73b0\u8c61\u200b\u2020\u200b\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64Oppenheim\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u200b(Oppenheim et al. 1997)\u200b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ddf\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u662f\u76f8\u901a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u901a\u7528\u672c\u6784\u2014\u2014Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5377\u79ef\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53f2\u8ddf\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u5ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002 \u81f3\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u200b(Evans and Morriss 2008)\u200b\u548c\u200b(Kreuzer 1981)\u200b\u3002 \u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5bf9\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u56de\u987e\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6700\u521d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8ddf\u4eca\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5dee\u8ddd\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u677e\u5f1b\u201d\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff1f 2. \u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 \u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u864e\u514b\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u725b\u987f\u7c98\u6027\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u4ece\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u672c\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7c98\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u542c\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u200b\u2021\u200b\u3002 \u9996\u5148\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6b27\u62c9\u628a\u725b\u987f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u63a8\u5e7f\u81f3\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u521a\u4f53\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u200b(Truesdell 1960a, 1968)\u200b\u200b\u00a7\u200b\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 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